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The Cartagena Agreement, also known as the Cartagena Declaration on Refugees, was signed by several Latin American countries in 1984. The agreement was a response to the large number of refugees fleeing violence and persecution in Central America at the time.
Under the Cartagena Agreement, countries agreed to broaden their definitions of what qualifies as a refugee beyond the strict definition outlined in the 1951 Refugee Convention. This allowed individuals who were fleeing generalized violence, such as civil wars, to be considered refugees and receive protection.
One group of refugees that has benefited from the Cartagena Agreement is those fleeing gang violence in Central America. In countries such as El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala, gangs have taken control of entire neighborhoods and subjected residents to extortion, forced recruitment, and violence. Many of these individuals have fled to neighboring countries, such as Mexico and Costa Rica, in search of safety.
While the Cartagena Agreement has been praised for its progressive approach to refugee protection, it has also faced criticism. Some argue that it has resulted in an overburdening of host countries, particularly those in Latin America that are already grappling with their own economic and social challenges. Others argue that the agreement has been selectively applied by governments, and that some refugees have been denied protection despite meeting the expanded definition of a refugee.
Despite these challenges, the Cartagena Agreement remains an important tool for protecting refugees in Latin America. It has paved the way for other regional agreements, such as the San Jose Declaration on Refugees, and has inspired discussions on expanding the definition of a refugee globally. As the world continues to face new and complex challenges to refugee protection, the Cartagena Agreement serves as a reminder that creative solutions are possible and necessary.